Network Protocol

 Network Protocol- it is the rules that determine how data is transmitted between different devices in the same network.

Application layer

  • it is used by end user software such as browsers and email clients.
  • it provide protocols that allow software to send and receive information and give meaningful data to users.
  • examples:
  1. Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)
  • it is used to deliver data(HTML files, images files, query results etc.) on the World Wide Web.
  • Hyper-involved documents and files.
  • Transfer- files can move over the World Wide Web from one networked device to another.

                                           2. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTPS)

  • it is the combination of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Secure Socket Layer(SSL)/ Transport Layer Security(TLS)
3. File Transfer Protocol(FTP)
  • it is standard network protocol used for the transfer of files one host to another over network.
  • it is works by opening two connections that link the computers trying to communicate with each other.
  • while transferring files, FTP uses modes:
  1. block
  2. stream
  3. compressed
4. Domain Name System(DNS)
  • it works more like a phonebook by managing the mapping between names and numbers.
  • it serves translate requests for names into IP addresses, controlling which server an end-user will reach when they type a domain name into their web browser.
5. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP)
  • it is used to transmit e-mail between e-mail servers(such as Microsoft Outlook) and from e-mail client to e-mail servers(such as Microsoft Exchange).
  • it is used in sending and receiving email.
6. Post Office Protocol(POP)
  • it is widely used e-mail application protocol that can be used to retrieve e-mail from e-mail server for the client application.
  • when user checks for new email, the client will connect to the POP3 server. The email client then supplies its username and password server for authentication. Once connected, the client issues a series of text-based commands to retrieve all email message.
  • POP3-most commonly used protocol for receiving email over the internet.
7. Telnet Protocol(TELNET)
  • it is commonly used by terminal emulation that allows you to log into a remote host.
  • it is also used for terminal-to-terminal communication and interprocess communication.
  • using telnet client software on your computer can make a connection to a telnet server(that is, the remote host).
Transport Layer
  • it is end-to-end layer used to deliver message to a host because it provides a point-to-point connection.
  • the unit of data encapsulation in the transport layer is segment
  • when a protocol on the sending host adds data to the packet header, the process is called data encapsulation
Transport Layer Protocol(TCP)
  • provides acknowledgement of the received packets.
  • reliable to as it resends the lost packets.
  • TCP is more reliable than UDP.
  • TCP transfer data more quickly and UDP works more quickly.
  • TCP guarantees the delivery of data to the destination router. the delivery of data to the destination cannot be guaranteed in UDP.
  • TCP provides extensive error checking mechanisms. 
User Datagram Protocol(UDP)
  • it doesn't provide acknowledgement of the sent packets.
  • it used for communication throughout the internet.
  • depend on high layer protocols.
  • it is specially chosen for time-sensitive application like gaming, playing videos.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
  • it is protocol or procedure that connects an ever-charging Internet Protocol(IP) address to a fixed physical machine address, also known as a media access control(MAC) address, in a local-area network(LAN)
  • it is used to associate the IP address to a MAC address.
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
  • is a protocol a physical machine in a local area network(LAN) can be use to request its IP address.
  • it does this by sending the device's physical address to a specialized RARP server that is on the same LAN and is actively listening for RARP requests.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
  • it used to determine whether or not data is reaching its destination in a timely manner.
  • the ICMP protocol is used on network device, such as routers.
  • it is crucial for reporting  error and performing network diagnostics.
  • in error reporting process, ICMP sends messages from the receiver to the sender when data does not come through as it should.
Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
  • IP protocol supports two types of communication:
  1. Unicasting- is the communication between one sender and one receiver. 
  2. Multicasting- when the sender wants to send same massage to large number of receivers simultaneously.
  • IGMP is primarily used for multicasting purpose.
Network Access Layer
  • is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP protocol hierarchy.
  • this layer contains the protocols that the computer uses to deliver data to the other computers and devices that are attached to the network.
Network Access Layer Protocol: Ethernet
  • ethernet is protocol used to create local area network(LAN)
  • it transmits and receive data through cables.
Ethernet Types
  1. Fast Ethernet- uses cable called twisted pair or CAT5.
  •  it can transfer data at a speed of around 100 Mbps(megabits per second).
  • it uses both fiber optic and twisted pair cables to enable communication.
2. Gigabits Ethernet-it can transfer data at a speed of 1000 Mpbs or 1 Gbps.
  • it is also uses for fiber optic and twisted pair cable for communication.
3. 10-Gigabit Ethernet-this is advance and high-speed network that can transmit data at a speed of 10 gigabits per seconds.
  • with the help of fiber optic cable, this network can cover longer distances, up to around 10,000 meters.
4. Switch Ethernet-this type of network involves using switches or hubs to improve network performance.
  • in this case instead of a using twisted pair cable, a normal network cable is used .
IP Address
1. public  IP address- is indicative of the location of the network used outside of a network.
2. private IP address-is indicative of the location of the network used inside of a network.
3. static IP address-it is invalid address.
  • it does not change but can be changed as part of normal network managements.
  • it is incompatible, given once, remain same over the year.
  • this types of IP helps to get more information about the device.
4.dynamic IP address- it can change time to time and is not always same.
  • a dynamic IP address will be provided by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, which can change.
Subnetting- is the method of dividing a single physical network into logical sub-networks(subnets).
  • network address or subnet ID- this is always the first address of the subnet
  • broadcast address- this is always the last address of the subnet. A packet forwarded tot he broadcast address is broadcasted to all the address in a subnet.
  • subnet mask or netmask- this is the bitmask used to identify the subnet of an IP address by applying bitwise AND operation with the netmask and IP address. 
  • the subnet mask split the IP address into host and network address , thereby defining which part of the IP address belong to the device and which parts belongs to the network.
  • the device called a gateways or default gateway connects local devices to other networks.

 




















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